Kab lus no tsuas yog qhia txog cov kev paub yooj yim, kev tsim khoom, kev tua thiab kev tu cov txheej txheem ntawm cov iav qhov rais.
Cov iav pleev xim yog dab tsi?
Painted iav feem ntau yog hais txog ob lub iav kho kom zoo nkauj. Thawj yog hais txog enamel iav. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub, enamel paintings feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub iav wine iav siv nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, thiab ces fused rau iav nto los ntawm firing. Hom thib ob feem ntau yog hais txog cov iav pleev xim rau qhov rais. Raws li lub qhov rais tsim, cov xim iav yog txiav thiab ua rau hauv cov duab uas yuav tsum tau ua, thiab thaum kawg cov iav daim iav tau sib xyaw ua ke thiab ruaj khov, thiab tom qab ntawd pleev xim rau hauv cov xim dub lossis dawb. Qhov no yog qhov peb hu ua pleev xim rau iav. iav qhov rais.
Txoj Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Painted Glass
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov iav pleev xim tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws thaum ub xyoo 2000 BC. Cov khoom siv iav thaum ntxov tau siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab kev ntseeg. Thaum lub sijhawm Roman thaum ub, lub tshuab ua iav tau tsim ntxiv, thiab cov iav pleev xim tau pib siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj architectural. Nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, pleev xim rau iav yog siv rau qhov rais loj hauv pawg ntseeg. Notre Dame de Paris yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm lub sijhawm no. Thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance, artistic style ntawm pleev xim rau iav ua ntau muag heev thiab ntau haiv neeg. Cov iav pleev xim rau lub sijhawm no tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog kev cai dab qhuas, tab sis kuj tseem hais txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab cov toj roob hauv pes. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm pleev xim rau iav ntawm lub sij hawm no kuj tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv German palaces. tom qab xyoo pua 19th. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov iav pleev xim kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab zoo dua. Cov iav ntau lawm tshuab yog qhov muag heev thiab cov xim tseem nyob ntev dua. Cov kws ua yeeb yam kuj tau pib tshawb nrhiav cov qauv tshiab, kom cov iav pleev xim tuaj yeem ua raws li cov qauv ntawm lub sijhawm. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau hauv pej xeem cov tsev thiab kos duab exhibitions. Txawm hais tias ntau yam kev kos duab tau raug puas ntsoog dhau lub sijhawm, kev tiv thaiv niaj hnub thiab kev kho dua tshiab kuj tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov duab kos. Hauv ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej, peb tseem tuaj yeem pom cov duab kos duab kos duab uas tau sau los ntawm keeb kwm.
Painted iav txheej txheem ntau lawm
Ua ntej, teeb ib daim duab kos raws li koj xav tau, thiab kos cov xim iav uas xav tau rau txhua qhov hauv daim duab kos duab. Ib tug template yog ua raws li lub teeb drawings. Txhua daim iav yog suav rau ntawm tus qauv kom yooj yim qhov chaw raug thaum txiav thiab splicing.
Tom qab ntawd raws li kev kos duab kos duab, xaiv cov iav uas tsim nyog thiab txiav cov iav kom paub meej tias qhov loj thiab cov duab yog qhov peb xav tau. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub ntug ntawm lub khob los ntawm khawb ntawm daim tawv nqaij, peb polish lub ntug ntawm iav nrog lub log sib tsoo los yog cov ntawv xuab zeb.
Tom qab ntawd peb muab cov iav rau hauv qhov ua ntej ua cov hlau lead grooves, txuas thiab kho cov hlau tuav nrog cov cuab yeej, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov ntsia hlau ntsia hlau los kho cov iav spliced ib ntus kom ntseeg tau tias qhov ruaj khov tag nrho. Yog tias peb xav tau cov qauv qhia ntxaws ntxiv, peb tuaj yeem pleev xim nrog cov xim xws li nyiaj dye thiab hlau dye.
Thaum kawg, cov xim pleev xim rau iav yuav raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv qhov cub kom zoo dua cov xim thiab iav los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tom qab kev tua hluav taws ua tiav thiab tshem tawm, peb yuav sib sau ua ke cov iav ua kom tiav thiab siv cov tshuaj ntxuav tshwj xeeb los ntxuav cov stains kom ntseeg tau tias kev zoo nkauj tag nrho.
Thaum kawg, teeb tsa cov iav pleev xim ua tiav rau hauv lub qhov rais thav duab koj xav tau, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov sealant ntawm qhov kev sib txuas kom zoo xyuas kom cov dej nag nkag mus. Txhua kauj ruam ntawm kev pleev xim rau iav yog qhov muag heev thiab nyuaj, xav tau kev ua siab ntev txaus thiab kev xav.
Era of Painted Glass Windows
Painted iav qhov rais tau nrov tshwj xeeb hauv Tebchaws Europe los ntawm nruab nrab -12th mus rau nruab nrab -16th centuries, thaum lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cathedrals thiab ornate residences, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Gothic churches, nrog rau cov yeeb yuj cathedrals peb tam sim no nrhiav hauv Europe. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj tej chaw, nws translucent xwm ua pleev xim rau iav tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov rau kev cai dab qhuas zaus. Peb tuaj yeem pom cov xwm txheej hauv phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais, tsis xav tias yuav qhia qhov chaw dawb ceev thiab zoo siab. Cov neeg uas txaus siab tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas Peb Tus Poj Niam ntawm Wells Cathedral, uas nws lub qhov rais tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov iav pleev xim, zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj.
Los ntawm xyoo 1900, Asmeskas cov iav pleev xim tau tsim ntau thiab muaj rau txhua tus neeg. Cov ntawv xov xwm hauv tsev tau sib tw ua cov iav qhov rais rau cov tsev, thiab kev tsim kho thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws tau tsim qhov kev thov tsis tau muaj dua rau cov xim hlau lead iav qhov rais, qhov rooj panels thiab transoms. Lub qhov rais thav duab thiab cov tuam txhab kaw tau nthuav tawm cov ntawv xaj xa ntawv, qee qhov uas muaj ntau dua 100 tus nqi qis, tsim qauv tsim.
Yees duab Painted Glass Windows
Kev yees duab pleev xim rau iav qhov rais kuj yog ib qho txuj ci. Txawm hais tias nws yog rau kev txaus siab rau tus kheej lossis rau nws cov txiaj ntsig keeb kwm, muaj cov kws yees duab tshaj lij uas niaj hnub kawm los txhim kho lawv cov kev txawj ntse thiab ua tiav cov duab zoo tshaj plaws.
Piv txwv li, lub qhov rais yuav tsum tau yees duab nyob rau hauv nruab hnub nrig siv cov xim swb zaj duab xis thiab dub thiab dawb zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv kis tau tus mob thiab reflected lub teeb, thiab cov qhov rais tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau sau tseg siv cov xim zoo. Kev yees duab pleev xim iav los ntawm sab hauv tsis yog qhov nyuaj, thiab lub koob yees duab ruaj khov, kaw lub kaw lus kaw, lub teeb ntsuas, thiab lub koob yees duab nrog lub lens ntsuas yuav ua rau txoj haujlwm yooj yim dua. Qhov tseem ceeb yog tua lub qhov rais nyob rau hauv txawm, nruab nrab nruab hnub nrig thiab darken sab hauv. Thaum qee cov iav pleev xim yog dazzling nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj, lub koob yees duab lo ntsiab muag thiab zaj duab xis hnov mob txawv rau tib neeg lub qhov muag, ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm lub teeb thiab tsaus nti.
Thaum peb tua sab nraum zoov, peb yuav tsum thaij duab rau hnub tshav ntuj, nyob deb ntawm lub hnub, tua lub qhov rais sab hnub tuaj thaum tav su, lub qhov rais sab hnub poob thaum sawv ntxov, lub qhov rais sab qab teb txhua lub sijhawm, thiab sab qaum teb qhov rais thaum tav su. Lub iav yuav tsum tau yees duab los ntawm sab hauv nrog lub teeb pom kev ntawm lub teeb. Thaum thaij duab nrog lub teeb yuav ua rau lub teeb xa mus rau qhov tsaus ntuj thiab ua rau lub iav tsaus, kev yees duab sab hauv yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias nws tuaj yeem qhia qhov chaw thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub qhov rais thav duab, brackets, txiv neej cov xov hlau, thiab lwm yam. Tua lub qhov rais raws li qhov nruab nrab thiab ncaj li sai tau kom txo qis distortion thiab tiv thaiv lub qhov rais thav duab los ntawm obscuring nthuav dav. Qhov rai yuav tsum tau yees duab sab nraud yog tias tsis muaj iav tiv thaiv los cuam tshuam rau qhov pom. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov iav opalescent, uas feem ntau kuj yuav tsum tau nyeem los ntawm sab nraud. Daim ntawv kawg yog tias kom khaws cov duab iav zoo tas li, koj yuav tsum txwv cov kev hloov pauv (siv tib zaj duab xis, lub koob yees duab, thiab lo ntsiab muag) thiab sau koj lub koob yees duab ib txwm teeb tsa los sib piv nrog cov duab tsim thiab lwm zaus hloov kho kom haum.
Kev puas tsuaj rau pleev xim rau iav
Cov iav pleev xim, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov duab kos duab thiab cov duab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj qhov rais, feem ntau nyuaj rau khaws cia. pleev xim rau iav yog tshwj xeeb yog raug rau huab cua thiab condensation yog tias raug rho tawm haujlwm tsis raug lossis yog siv cov khoom siv tsis zoo. Qee lub studios tsis zoo rau cov xim tsis zoo (tshwj xeeb yog cov uas siv iav opalescent), thaum lwm tus muaj lub koob npe nrov rau cov iav pleev xim. Xim tuaj yeem ua rau txias rau lub khob lossis fused hauv qhov cub. Txij li thaum lawv tau ua los ntawm cov iav frosted, cov enamel yuav tsis "faus" raws li feem ntau hais, tab sis yuav flake tawm hauv daim ntawv grainy. Ob peb kauj ruam hauv cov txheej txheem tha xim tuaj yeem tsim cov xim nkig uas tuaj yeem tev tau yooj yim. Yog tias siv ntau dhau, cov xim yuav tsis zoo nrog lub iav, tawm hauv cov npuas me me rau ntawm qhov chaw. Cov mob no, qee zaum hu ua "frying," kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm cov xim tsis zoo sib xyaw lossis kov-up. Ib qho laj thawj ntau dua ntawm cov xim tsis ua hauj lwm yog underfiring (piv txwv li ci lub khob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias los yog lub sij hawm luv luv). Hmoov tsis zoo, hauv Asmeskas cov iav pleev xim rau, cov enamels siv los sim cov tawv nqaij tones feem ntau muaj ob peb txheej thiab raug rho tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws rau kev rov ua dua, lub ntsej muag, tes thiab taw, zoo li tev tawm ua ntej.
Pleev xim iav ntxuav
Tej zaum qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov iav pleev xim yog tias nws cov tsos tsis tu ncua hloov nrog lub teeb hloov. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kuab paug, pa taws thiab oxidation, ob sab ntawm lub iav tuaj yeem tsim cov av, khawb thiab grime. Hauv cov tsev teev ntuj, ib txwm hlawv xyab lossis tswm ciab xaus rau cov txheej txheem carbon. Cov kev tso nyiaj no tuaj yeem txo cov teeb pom kev zoo, ua rau pom qhov rais ci ntsa iab. Tsuas yog ntxuav lub khob tshem tawm cov khoom tsis zoo thiab rov ua kom zoo dua qub, tag nrho thaum ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas nws tus mob. Hom tshuaj ntxuav siv yog nyob ntawm lub khob. Ua ntej sim ntxuav nrog dej nkaus xwb, thiab rau qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb iav thiab cov tsev khaws puav pheej zoo, siv cov dej deionized (uas ua kom tsis muaj kab mob ionic). Yog tias dej ib leeg tsis txaus, cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog siv lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws uas tsis yog ionic. Qee lub sij hawm lub qhov rais yog them nrog ib tug yellowing txheej ntawm shellac, lacquer, kua roj vanish, los yog cov av tawv tawv heev uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm nrog cawv los yog hnyav. Yog tias lwm txoj hauv kev ua tsis tau zoo, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov iav uas tsis tau pleev xim rau feem ntau nrog acetone, ethanol, isopropyl cawv lossis dej ntxhia. Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov tshuaj residue yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm nrog lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws uas tsis yog-ionic thiab lub khob yaug nrog dej. Tsis txhob siv cov kua qaub, corrosive lossis abrasive ntxuav. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau iav puas.
Painted iav tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho zoo nkauj zoo nkauj kos duab, tab sis kuj yog ib tug tim khawv ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Los ntawm nws, tib neeg tuaj yeem hnov cov txuj ci zoo nkauj thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov keeb kwm sib txawv.
