Tej zaum peb yuav tsis pom hauv lub neej, qhov tseeb, muaj iav ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, iav qhov rais ntawm lub tsev, lub qhov rais ntawm lub tsheb, sab nrauv phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev ua haujlwm, vases thiab lwm yam. Tej zaum koj yuav pom tam sim ntawd: Auj! Yeej muaj iav nyob txhua qhov chaw. Tab sis tej zaum koj yuav tsis xav tsis thoob, ua li cas lub khob tuaj txog ntawd?
Iav yog ib yam khoom qub thiab tsis meej pem. Nws ntseeg tau tias thawj lub khob ntim tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1500 BC. iav yog nkig tab sis ruaj khov. Ntau qhov tawg ntawm iav tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov chaw thaum ntxov. Vim tias iav nws tus kheej tuaj yeem ua rau txhua hom duab, thiab nws tsis muaj menyuam. Yog li ntawd, nws kuj yog siv los ua ib lub thawv, xws li khob thiab cov raj. Tus nqi kuj tsis tshua muaj, haum rau ntau lawm. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, cov haujlwm ntawm iav tau maj mam sib txawv. Cov txheej txheem tsim cov iav los ntawm cov khoom siv raw mus rau cov khoom tiav tau piav qhia hauv qab no.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm iav
Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm iav yog silicon dioxide (SiO2), uas yog cov khoom siv los ua iav. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm yam ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau muab ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov iav thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom raug kho. Cov khoom siv raw yog:
Soda tshauv (Na₂CO₃): Cov khoom siv no tuaj yeem txo qhov melting point ntawm silica xuab zeb thiab pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm kub.
Limestone (CaCO₃) : Vim iav yuav yaj hauv dej thaum yaj, ntxiv limestone ua rau iav insoluble. Nws kuj ua rau kom lub hardness thiab durability ntawm iav. Yuav ua rau cov iav uas nquag siv.
Alumina (Al₂O₃): Txhim kho cov tshuaj ruaj khov ntawm cov iav.
Magnesium oxide (MgO): tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog thiab kub ua haujlwm ntawm iav.
Lwm cov khoom siv ntxiv: ntxiv cov hlau oxide, zinc oxide, thiab lwm yam, raws li xav tau los muab cov iav tshwj xeeb xim lossis cov yam ntxwv.
Transparency rau pom lub teeb yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm iav. Ordinary iav tsis yog pob tshab rau lub teeb ultraviolet vim nws yog tsim nrog sodium carbonate. Yog tias lub teeb ultraviolet nkag mus, iav yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov silica ntshiab. Hom iav no tau nce nqi thiab feem ntau hu ua quartz iav.
Cov iav feem ntau muaj lwm cov khoom xyaw ntxiv rau nws. Piv txwv li, peb pom dazzling siv lead ua iav hauv tsev so lossis KTV. Qhov no yog vim cov hlau lead ntxiv rau nws, uas tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov iav, yog li cov refraction yog qhov muag tsis pom. Hom iav siv los ua cov lo ntsiab muag kho qhov muag yog laced nrog thorium oxide, uas kuj ua rau kom qhov ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam. Yog hais tias cerium ntxiv rau iav, nws absorbs ultraviolet lub teeb. Yog tias koj xav kom lub iav muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm absorbing infrared rays, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv hlau. Hom iav insulating no yog nyob rau hauv lub projector.
Ntxiv ntau yam hlau los yog hlau oxides rau iav tuaj yeem hloov xim ntawm iav. Piv txwv li, ib qho me me ntawm manganese tuaj yeem hloov lub teeb ntsuab ntawm lub khob los ntawm hlau, thiab me ntsis ntxiv manganese tuaj yeem tsim lub iav lavender. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus hlau hauv iav raug txo, nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub teeb ntsuab iav nws tus kheej mus rau hauv lub xeev tsis muaj xim. Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm cobalt tuaj yeem tsim cov iav xiav. Copper oxides tsim turquoise iav. Tooj liab tsim ib lub iav sib sib zog nqus liab, opaque iav uas zoo li ruby. Yog li cov xim ntawm cov iav tuaj yeem tswj tau, thiab muaj ntau yam khoom ntxiv tuaj yeem ua tiav. Xws li hloov qhov kub ntawm lub khob tuaj yeem ua qhov no, tab sis cov chemistry ntawm qhov no kuj yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab yuav tsum tau kawm.
Sib tov thiab melting
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv raw: Cov khoom raw ua ntej yuav tsum tau hnyav rau hauv cov grams tshwj xeeb thiab sib xyaw. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum muaj cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb. Koj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom sib tov sib xyaw. Cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yog hu ua "cov khoom xyaw iav".
Melting: cov khoom xyaw iav sib xyaw yog xa mus rau hauv lub khob melting kiln. Lub cub tawg kub yog siab heev, feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 1700 degree. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias, cov khoom xyaw iav raug qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab yaj rau hauv iav molten. Cov txheej txheem no yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim iav. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias tsis tu ncua thiab tsim nyog lub sij hawm melting. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab purity ntawm iav.
tsim
Tom qab molten iav yog homogenized nyob rau hauv lub melting kiln, nws nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev tsim. Raws li cov duab thiab siv cov khoom kawg, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov hauv qab no:
Float iav: Float iav yog txoj kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub architectural thiab automotive iav. Nws tau hais nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los. Tom qab lub iav molten ntws tawm ntawm lub cub tawg, nws ntws los ntawm ib tug ntws trough mus rau hauv lub ntab tank uas muaj molten tin. Cov iav ua kua nthuav tawm rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kua tin, ua ib lub iav du. Raws li lub strip maj mam txav thiab txias, nws maj mam hardens. Qhov tshwm sim yog ib lub iav tiaj tus nrog cov tuab tuab thiab du nto.
Blown iav: Blown iav yog tsuas yog siv rau cov khoom hollow xws li iav fwj thiab teeb pom kev zoo. Thaum lub tshuab tshuab, molten iav yog nqus mus rau hauv lub tshuab raj. Huab cua ces cua tshuab mus rau hauv lub khob los ntawm cov yeeb nkab, kom lub iav tuaj yeem nthuav dav thiab qhib, thiab thaum kawg ua kom zoo. Tshuab tshuab tam sim no kuj muaj cov txheej txheem automated, thiab qee qhov chaw tsim khoom kuj tseem xaiv cov lag luam phau ntawv.
Rolled iav: Tom qab dhau ntawm ob lub chais, cov iav molten tuaj yeem nias rau hauv daim iav nrog cov qauv. Vim tias muaj ntau yam qauv ntawm cov menyuam, cov khoom iav nrog cov qauv sib txawv tuaj yeem raug nias raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Rolled iav feem ntau yog siv los ua cov iav zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv zoo nkauj. Lawv feem ntau yog siv los kho kom zoo nkauj hauv tsev.
Drawn iav: Kos iav tuaj yeem siv los ua iav fibers. Molten iav tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm lub qhov me me thiab kos rau hauv cov iav nyias nyias. Tom qab ntawd peb ntxiv cov iav fibers rau hauv iav ntaub, iav xav thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Yuav siv tau rau hauv tsev rwb thaiv tsev, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam.
anneal
Tom qab lub iav tau tsim, nws kuj yuav tsum tau mus rau qhov txheej txheem annealing kom tshem tawm cov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog txhua yam thiab ruaj khov ntawm iav. Koj puas paub tias annealing yog dab tsi? Annealing yog tus txheej txheem ntawm khaws cov iav ntawm qhov ntsuas kub rau lub sijhawm thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam txias nws. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, qhov kev ntxhov siab hauv lub khob tuaj yeem tso tawm sib npaug. Qhov no tiv thaiv nws tus kheej rupture los yog deformation thaum siv.
Machining thiab kho qhov chaw
Txiav thiab polishing: Annealed iav yog txiav, polished thiab polished rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Txiav yog txiav cov iav loj rau ib qho me me raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Cov txheej txheem no yog ua tiav nrog cov kws tshaj lij. Feem ntau siv yog pob zeb diamond cutter. Sib tsoo thiab polishing feem ntau du cov npoo ntawm iav. Qhov no tiv thaiv cov npoo ntse ntawm kev ua phem rau tib neeg lub cev.
Kev kho deg: Txhawm rau txhim kho cov khoom ntawm iav, kev kho saum npoo yog ib kauj ruam tsim nyog. Tsis txhob mloog kev kho saum npoo yog ib qho yooj yim. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau hom kev kho mob saum npoo. Cov txheej txheem kev kho saum npoo feem ntau suav nrog txheej txheej, kua qaub etching, xuab zeb blasting, thiab lwm yam. Cov txheej txheem yog los txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ultraviolet, tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam thiab tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm cov iav. Acid etching thiab sandblasting feem ntau yog siv los ua cov iav frosted, uas ua rau kom muaj zog thiab zoo nkauj ntawm cov iav. Qhov no yog qhov uas cov iav frosted tau txais nws cov frosted xav.
Kev soj ntsuam zoo
Tom qab lub iav tau tsim, nws kuj yuav tsum tau ua qhov kev ntsuas nruj ua ntej tawm hauv lub hoobkas. Xyuas kom nws ua tau raws li lub teb chaws thiab cov qauv kev lag luam. Cov khoom kuaj pom muaj xws li:
Kev ntsuas qhov loj thiab tuab: xyuas kom meej tias lub khob loj thiab tuab yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog tus qauv.
Optical kev ua tau zoo: nrhiav kom pom cov iav transmittance, xim txawv thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag. Xyuas kom lawv ua tau raws li cov qauv kho qhov muag.
Mechanical Properties Test: kuaj seb lub zog thiab hardness ntawm iav ua tau raws li qhov ntsuas, kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm crushing.
Kev kuaj pom qhov tsis xws luag: Cov tsos ntawm cov iav raug tshuaj xyuas ntxiv. Xws li seb puas muaj npuas, khawb, tawg thiab lwm yam tsis xws luag.
Packing thiab shipping
Cov khoom iav uas tau dhau qhov kev kuaj xyuas zoo yuav tsum tau ntim thiab thauj. Thaum ntim, lub khob yuav tsum tau muab cais los ntawm lub ncoo mos. Tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj hauv kev thauj mus los. Hauv cov txheej txheem kev thauj mus los, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau kev tiv thaiv kev poob siab thiab kev tiv thaiv siab. Xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom iav mus rau qhov chaw.
Saum toj no
Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm iav yog txheej txheem nyuaj thiab muag heev. Los ntawm kev xaiv thawj zaug ntawm cov khoom siv raw, cov khoom sib tov, molten iav, iav sib sau, annealing, ua thiab kho qhov chaw, mus rau qhov kawg kev soj ntsuam thiab kev thauj mus los. Txhua kauj ruam yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas meej thiab kev tswj xyuas nruj. Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab tsim nyog txheej txheem, peb tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv iav ntau yam uas ua tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Nws kuj tseem siv tau rau ntau hom kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej txoj kev loj hlob, iav yuav txuas ntxiv mus ua si nws tshwj xeeb ntxim nyiam thiab paj nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb.
