Txij li thaum nws yog thawj zaug ua nyob rau hauv 500 BC, iav yeej ib txwm yog ib yam khoom ntawm fascination rau noob neej. Vim nws cov khoom tsis meej, nws tuaj yeem maj mam sawv hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntev. Nws tsis tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm zej zog, tab sis tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv dav tshaj plaws thiab nyob deb ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Txij thaum ntxovstained iav Windows, mus rau intricate Cheebtsam ntawm niaj hnub architecture. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm iav hauv architecture tau hloov zuj zus ntau xyoo, maj mam dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv architecture.
Ib nyuag keeb kwm ntawm iav hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam
Hauvlub sij hawm prehistoric, obsidian thiab xob lava tau siv los ua riam phom. Ob leeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib txwm tshwm sim. Artificial iav yog ib yam khoom kim heev, uas yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, tais diav thiab lwm yam khoom.
Technology ntawmtshuab iavtau tsim nyob rau hauv Europe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1st AD. Lub advent ntawm no technology revolutionized iav manufacturing. Cov txheej txheem ces kis thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws Roman. Los ntawm kev qhia txog manganese dioxide, pob tshab iav yog tsim. Ntxigiav Windowspib tshwm hauv cov tsev tseem ceeb Roman. Hauv 1 lub xyoos tom ntej no, kev tsim iav tau nthuav dav thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe thiab Middle East. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th, Janglo Saxon iav kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv cathedrals.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, phaj iav tau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem yas yas. Los ntawm 11 mus rau 18 centuries,stained iav Windowstau siv nyob rau hauv Gothic Renaissance thiab Baroque architecture. Cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo thoob ntiaj teb tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj nrog cov iav stained. Nyob rau xyoo 19th, phaj iav qhov rais tau siv los ua qhov rais. Cov iav no yog tiaj tiaj, tsis muaj qhov muag tsis pom kev.
Xyoo 1958, lub floatiavtxheej txheem tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Txoj kev no ua rau lub iav phaj thickness uniform, nto yog heev tiaj tus. Niaj hnub nimno qhov rais yog ua los ntawm ntab iav.
Kev siv iav hauv architecture
Txij li thaum xyoo pua 20th, niaj hnub architecture tau tsim ntau cov iav thiab pob zeb vaj tsev hauv cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov iav thiab steel qauv tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev txhim kho hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Cov neeg feem ntau pom cov tsev no ua cov cim ntawm kev nplua nuj thiab khoom kim heev.
iav ntau lawm
Kev ua iavyog ib daim duab qub heev. Cov pov thawj archaeological qhia tau hais tias glassmaking hnub rov qab mus ua ntej 2500 BC. Kev ua iav yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj kos duab, tab sis ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem Pilkington, iav ua tau dhau los ua kev lag luam.
Kev lig kev cai,iavtau ua los ntawm tshuab ua kua iav. Cov iav ua kua yog tsim los ntawm cov xuab zeb yaj, calcium oxide thiab sodium carbonate. Tshav kub ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau qhov xav tau. Daim ntawv qhia ua iav tau zoo ib yam rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv qee qhov sib xyaw lossis txheej txheej, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kev xav tau sib txawv tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Muaj qee yam txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem Pilkington. Nws yog kev thauj mus los ntawm ntau qhov ntauraw khoom(xuab zeb, calcium oxide thiab sodium carbonate) rau cov iav ntau lawm cog. Nws yog tom qab ntawd hnyav thiab sib tov hauv qhov tseeb proportions. Qee qhov sib xyaw yog ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw kom muab cov iav kom tsim nyog cov yam ntxwv lossis xim. Cov sib tov yog ces rhuab nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov cub roj los yog kiln. Yog tsis muaj additives, quartz xuab zeb ua iav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tom qab ntawd ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm molten iav yog tsim. Qhov sib tov no ces ntab rau ntawm molten tin rau daim ntawviavntawm qhov xav tau thickness. Ces cia tusiavpib txias. Txoj kev iav yog txias txiav txim siab nws lub zog. Nws yuav tsum tau txias tom qab tswj qhov kub thiab txias, uas yog, nws yuav tsum tau annealed. Yog tias txias rau lub sijhawm luv luv, lub khob yuav dhau los ua nkig. Annealed iav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws cov kav ntev. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.
