Txij li thaum nws yog thawj zaug tsim nyob rau hauv 500 BC, iav yeej ib txwm yog ib yam khoom ntawm fascination rau noob neej. Vim nws cov khoom tsis meej, nws tuaj yeem maj mam sawv hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntev. Nws tsis tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm zej zog, tab sis tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv dav tshaj plaws thiab cov khoom siv dav hauv kev tsim kho. Txij thaum ntxovstained iav Windows, mus rau intricate Cheebtsam ntawm niaj hnub architecture. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm iav hauv architecture tau hloov zuj zus ntau xyoo, maj mam dhau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv architecture.
Luv luvkeeb kwm ntawm iavnyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam
Nyob rau hauv prehistoric lub sij hawm, obsidian thiab xob laim lava tau siv los ua riam phom. Ob leeg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib txwm tshwm sim. Artificial iav yog ib yam khoom kim heev, uas yog siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, tais diav thiab lwm yam khoom.
Lub tshuab tshuab tshuab tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe hauv xyoo pua AD. Lub advent ntawm no technology revolutionized iav manufacturing. Cov txheej txheem ces kis thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws Roman. Los ntawm kev qhia manganese dioxide, pob tshab iav yog tsim. Cam khwb cia iav qhov rais pib tshwm nyob rau hauv cov tsev tseem ceeb Roman. Hauv 1,{2}} xyoo tom ntej, glassmaking kis thoob plaws Europe thiab Middle East. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th, Janglo Saxon iav kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv cathedrals.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, phaj iav tau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem yas yas. Los ntawm 11 mus rau 18th centuries, stained iav qhov rais tau siv nyob rau hauv Gothic Renaissance thiab Baroque architecture. Cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo thoob ntiaj teb tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj nrog cov iav stained. Nyob rau xyoo 19th, phaj iav qhov rais tau siv los ua qhov rais. Cov iav no yog tiaj tiaj, tsis muaj qhov muag tsis pom kev.
Xyoo 1958, cov txheej txheem ntab iav tau qhia hauv ntiaj teb. Txoj kev no ua rau cov iav phaj thickness uniform, nto yog heev tiaj tus. Niaj hnub nimno qhov rais yog ua los ntawm ntab iav.
Kev siv iav hauv architecture
Txij li thaum xyoo pua 20th, niaj hnub architecture tau tsim ntau cov iav thiab pob zeb vaj tsev hauv cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov iav thiab steel qauv tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm kev txhim kho hauv ntau lub tebchaws. Cov neeg feem ntau pom cov tsev no ua cov cim ntawm kev nplua nuj thiab khoom kim heev.
Glassmaking yog ib qho txuj ci qub heev. Cov pov thawj archaeological qhia tau hais tias glassmaking hnub rov qab mus ua ntej 2500 BC. Kev ua iav yog ib qho tsis tshua muaj kos duab, tab sis ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem Pilkington, iav ua tau dhau los ua kev lag luam.
Kev lig kev cai, iav tau ua los ntawm tshuab ua kua iav. Cov iav ua kua yog tsim los ntawm cov xuab zeb yaj, calcium oxide thiab sodium carbonate. Tshav kub ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau qhov xav tau. Daim ntawv qhia ua iav tau zoo ib yam rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev ntxiv qee qhov sib xyaw lossis txheej txheej, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kev xav tau sib txawv tuaj yeem ua tiav.
Muaj qee yam txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem Pilkington. Nws yog kev thauj khoom loj ntawm cov khoom siv raw (xuab zeb, calcium oxide thiab sodium carbonate) mus rau cov iav ntau lawm. Nws yog tom qab ntawd hnyav thiab sib tov hauv qhov tseeb proportions. Qee qhov sib xyaw yog ntxiv rau cov khoom xyaw kom muab cov iav kom tsim nyog cov yam ntxwv lossis xim. Cov sib tov yog ces rhuab nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov cub roj los yog kiln. Yog tsis muaj additives, quartz xuab zeb ua iav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Tom qab ntawd ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm molten iav yog tsim. Qhov sib tov no ces ntab rau ntawm molten tin los ua iav ntawm qhov xav tau tuab. Ces cia lub khob pib txias. Txoj kev iav yog txias txiav txim siab nws lub zog. Nws yuav tsum tau txias tom qab tswj qhov kub thiab txias, uas yog, nws yuav tsum tau annealed. Yog tias txias rau lub sijhawm luv luv, lub khob yuav dhau los ua nkig. Annealed iav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws cov kav ntev. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.
Cov khoom ntawm iav
Transparency: Cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau pom kev sib txuas rau lub ntiaj teb sab nraud. High transparency iav tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm iav kom pom sab nraud. Tsawg pob tshab, xws li iav frosted, obstructs tsis pom kev.
U-tus nqi: U-tus nqi yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm qhov rais. Qhov qis dua tus nqi U, qhov zoo dua qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov iav. Qhov zoo dua qhov rwb thaiv tsev lossis cua txias.
Lub zog: iav yog cov khoom siv nkig. Nws zoo li tawg yog tias nws cuam tshuam. Tab sis nrog kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, ntau cov ntaub ntawv laminated thiab cov khoom sib tov tuaj yeem txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm iav los tiv thaiv deformation.
Cov nyhuv tsev cog khoom: Cov nyhuv tsev cog khoom yog thaum lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm lub hnub pom lub teeb hla lub iav thiab nqus tau. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntev infrared hluav taws xob tawm los ntawm cov khoom cua sov tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm iav. Qhov no tsim kom muaj cua sov thiab kub.
Machinability: Cov iav tuaj yeem ua tiav ntau txoj hauv kev. Nws tuaj yeem raug tshuab, kos thiab nias. Koj tuaj yeem tau txais ntau yam khoom, xws li pob tshab, suab rwb thaiv tsev thiab lwm yam.
Recyclability: iav yog 100% recyclable. Cov iav tawg tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv raw rau iav tsim, sib sau ua ke rau kev tsim vaj tsev, thiab lwm yam.
Kev siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab kev tswj lub suab nrov: Lub zog txuag iav yog lo lus siv los piav qhia txog ob lossis peb zaug glazing siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev niaj hnub Windows. Nws tsis zoo li cov iav qub qub lossis ob lub khob qub. Cov iav txuag hluav taws xob siv cov iav coated los tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cua sov los ntawm qhov rais. Cov huab cua thaiv kuj txhim khu kev tswj acoustic.
Pom pom teeb pom kev zoo: Yooj yim muab tso, pom lub teeb xa tawm yog qhov feem ntawm cov teeb pom kev dhau los ntawm iav.
Acrylic: Acrylic yog ua los ntawm thermoplastic thiab muaj huab cua tsis zoo. Lub zog kuj siab dua li cov iav zoo tib yam. Tab sis nws yooj yim rau khawb. Acrylic muaj cov khoom siv kho qhov muag zoo heev thiab yog softer dua iav. Tab sis nws kuj sau tej plua plav. Acrylic tuaj yeem siv rau hauv chaw ua si, tsev cog khoom thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Polycarbonate: Cov khoom no yog 300 npaug zog dua iav. Feem ntau cov tshuaj muaj peev xwm insulated. Lub teeb heev hauv qhov hnyav, hnav thiab cuam tshuam resistant. Nws nkag mus rau lub teeb zoo li iav thiab tsis deform.
Iav steel ntawv: Cov iav hlau yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntau pua iav fibers ua ke siv cov xim thermosetting UV resin. FRP kuj tseem siv los tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev, xws li ru tsev laminate, canopies thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv no yog lub teeb yuag thiab yooj yim los tuav. Nws yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau kev tsim cov vaj tsev sib xyaw thiab cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev, uas tuaj yeem txo cov cua sov.
Hom iav
Float iav: Float iav tseem hu ua sodium-calcium iav los yog iav ntshiab. Qhov no yog tsim los ntawm annealing molten iav, pob tshab thiab tiaj tus. High transparency kuj muaj qee qhov tsis zoo, xws li ua rau muaj qhov ci ntsa iab. Nws yog tsim rau ua ceilings, storefronts, thiab lwm yam.
Cov iav muaj xim: Qee cov khoom siv ntxiv hauv cov iav cov khoom sib xyaw tuaj yeem ntxiv xim rau cov iav ntshiab. Nws tseem tsis tau ua phem rau nws lub zog. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov hlau oxide muab lub iav ntsuab xim. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov sulfur kuj tuaj yeem ua rau iav daj, liab, lossis dub.
Tempered iav: Tempered iav tau tempered. Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb heev. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau hauv qhov rooj hluav taws thiab lwm yam.
Laminated iav: Hom iav no yog tsim los ntawm sandwiching iav phaj nyob rau hauv ib txheej tiv thaiv. Nws hnyav dua li iav zoo tib yam thiab tuaj yeem ua rau qhov muag tsis pom kev. Laminated iav kuj muaj ntau yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv lub suab rwb thaiv tsev, anti-ultraviolet nyhuv yog zoo heev. Siv rau iav kab hlau rhuav phab ntsa, thoob dej yug ntses, ntaiv faib, thiab lwm yam.
Shatter-proof iav: shatter-proof iav feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev ntxiv ib txheej ntawm polyvinyl butyral. Cov iav zoo li no yuav tsis tsim cov ntse ntse txawm tias tawg. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau saum lub teeb pom kev zoo los tiv thaiv tib neeg txoj kev nyab xeeb.
Stained iav: Cov iav no tuaj yeem tswj lub hnub ci thiab pob tshab. Hom iav no los ntawm ntau yam xim thiab yog siv dav. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qee lub tsev ua yeeb yam kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
Ultra huv iav: Cov iav no yog hydrophilic. Ntawd yog, dej ntws los ntawm nws lub khob iav yam tsis tau tawm hauv qhov chaw. Thiab lawv yog photocatalytic, uas yog, lawv tau them nrog nanoparticles. tuaj yeem tawm tsam thiab rhuav tshem qee qhov av, ua kom yooj yim dua los ntxuav thiab tswj. Li no lub npe "ultra-clean iav".
Ob chav glazing: Txo cov cua sov poob thiab nce los ntawm kev tawm hauv huab cua sib txawv ntawm ob daim iav. Cov iav zoo tib yam tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cua sov ntau ntxiv, thiab cov cua sov poob ntawm lub tshuab cua txias yog li 30%. Ntsuab lub zog-txuag iav tuaj yeem txo cov nyhuv no.
Cov vuas iav: Hollow iav phab ntsa vuas yog ua los ntawm ob qhov sib cais ib nrab. Thaum lub khob tseem molten, ob daim yog nias ua ke thiab annealed kom nws. Cov iav cib uas tshwm sim yuav muaj ib nrab lub tshuab nqus tsev ntawm qhov chaw hollow.
Xaus
Nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tsis tu ncua thiab kev soj ntsuam tshiab ntawm iav los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov ntau yam ntawm iav txuas ntxiv txhim kho. Raws li cov khoom siv yees siv, iav tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam raws li cov ntaub ntawv rwb thaiv tsev, cov khoom siv, cov khoom siv iav sab nraud thiab cov ntaub ntawv cladding. Nws yog siv los ua ilv sab nrauv fenestration Windows nrog rau cov qhov rais tsoos. Nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev ntsuab technology, iav yog tas li hloov. Lub hnub ci iav thiab hloov iav qhov projection cov ntxaij vab tshaus yog qee qhov kev siv tshiab. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias iav kuj yog cov khoom siv uas yuav muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntxiv rau yav tom ntej.
